Many variations and improvements were made in subsequent decades. The illustration below, from Zeiss Archive shows exactly this Tessar version. It was produced in april/1911 (information based on its serial number 157538). The lens shown above, in brass barrel, is a vintage Tessar in its very first version with max aperture f/6.3 and impressive 70º coverage. In practical terms it could compete with other Anastigmats, far more expensive, and yet satisfy the most demanding photographers. That was important as lens coating was not yet available. Being simple and with few air/glass surfaces it gives less opportunities for flare. The virtue of this lens is that it has a relatively simple construction and delivers a very sharp image throughout the film plane even in the lower range of f stops. Maybe foreseeing the bright future for this new lens, from 1906 onwards, Carl Zeiss adopted a company logo designed after the Tessar rear doublet. The rear glasses are cemented and are the ones with convergence power to form image. Those are very weak in power and their role is related to helping in aberrations reduction. Tessar, named after the Greek word τέσσερα, téssera, that means four, for four glasses, has two air-spaced elements in front of the diaphragm. Unars were also symmetric, corrected and used air spaced doublets on both sides of diaphragm. Protars have symmetric cemented groups on both sides of diaphragm, 2, 3 and even 4 glasses each side, that is the case of Protar series VIIa, and were the first ones to correct astigmatism while offering apertures as large as f7 and more. In terms of filiation it was a rather fast rollout of ideas introduced with the remarkable Protar (formerly named Anastigmats, launched in 1890, by the same Carl Zeiss) and the Unar (also Zeiss design). Maybe you have a Tessar and just don’t know it. Until today, the same basic design can be found in lenses used in smart phones. Lenses using Tessar’s design reached the order of millions of units and equipped all kinds of cameras. The construction concept has found applications from large format down to Minox size. Introduced in 1902, it was created by Paul Rudolph, from Carl Zeiss. Tessar is probably the lens design most produced ever.
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To record the audio, besides Audacity, we need to make sure we have appropriate device or software to input and output the audio. Since Audacity is available for both Mac and Windows PC users, here we introduce the steps to use audacity in the following 2 parts. Audacity records audio through a microphone or mixer, it can export the recordings as different formats, also allow users to cut, copy, paste and delete the audio file. Though more and more users choose to record YouTube audio by applying a YouTube to Audio Converter, there are still some users using audio recorder software to do this, and most of them are Audacity users.Īudacity is a free audio software to record and edit audios on different operations systems, including Windows, MacOS, Linux. Record YouTube Audio on Mac or Windows PC Record YouTube Audio on Mac or Windows PC. 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The new question is whether the interrogator, at a distance and having no physical contact whatsoever, would be able to distinguish the machine from the genuine individual through a conversation game. The new question, considered to have a ‘more accurate form,’ would be based on what Turing called the ‘imitation game,’ and later in the same text, his ‘test.’ Footnote 1 Essentially, according to different interpretations of the various versions of the test, the machine must be able to imitate stereotypes of a woman, a man, or a human, beside a true representative of the kind, to deceive a human interrogator about its true nature. This reconstruction of the Turing test provides a rapprochement to the conflicting views on its value in the literature.Īlan Turing opened his seminal paper by proposing to replace the question ‘can machines think?,’ which he deemed ‘too meaningless to deserve discussion’ ( 1950, p. It is emphasized how Turing methodically varied the imitation game design to address specific challenges posed to him by other thinkers and how his test illustrates a property of the phenomenon of intelligence and suggests a hypothesis on machine learning. It is argued that Turing’s exposition of the imitation game satisfies Mach’s characterization of the basic method of thought experiments and that Turing’s uses of his test satisfy Popper’s conception of the critical and heuristic uses of thought experiments and Kuhn’s association of thought experiments to conceptual change. An argument that solves the dilemma is presented, which relies on reconstructing the Turing test as a thought experiment in the modern scientific tradition. This article refers to this as the Turing Test Dilemma, following the observation that the test has been under discussion for over seventy years and still is widely seen as either too bad or too good to be a valuable experiment for AI. 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